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IN THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Brief History The Civil Aviation Training Centre (CATC) in Trinidad and Tobago was established in June 1963, as a joint project between the United Nations Development Programme and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, initially provided instructors while the building and other facilities were supplied by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. The then CAACAA provided training for the local personnel and in 1972 accepted total responsibility for the administration of the Centre. At that time, ICAO withdrew the last of its personnel from the project. Function The role of the Training Centre is to provide training in the field of Air Traffic Services and other related areas as required to support Air Traffic Services in Trinidad and Tobago and other Caribbean States. To this end students from the
following countries have been trained:
From its inception in 1963 to this
time, the Centre has conducted twenty-nine 'Ab initio' training courses in Air
Traffic Control, three in Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) and one in
Automatic Message Switching Techniques and Supervisory Management. Staff The CAA continues to provide quality instructor training to its training personnel. These instructors are themselves Air Traffic Control Graduates of the Centre and have acquired extensive experience at our International Airports. The ATS Course although reduced somewhat in content from the original 9 months to a shorter course of 6 months, is still very intense. |
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A Chief Instructor heads the CATC staff which comprises a total of four ATS Instructors, two part time Instructors, an Instructors' Aide and other support staff. List of those who have passed through the hallowed halls of the CATC
CIVIL AVIATION
TRAINING CENTRE
TRINIDAD AND
TOBAGO
SYLLABUS FOR
AERODROME/APPROACH CONTROL COURSE
Formation and Outline history: The Convention of Chicago and related Acts: The Freedoms of the Air; Aims and Objectives: Standards and Recommended Practices: PANS: Manuals and Circulars: Annexes (titles only): Notification of Differences. Functions of the following: Assembly: Council: Air Navigation Commission: Air Transport Commission: Committee for Joint Support of Air Nav. Services: Legal Committee: Finance Committee. ICAO Secretariat Technical Assistance to Developing Countries: Regional Planning. Obligations of Users of Airspace
Use of airspace by
unmanned balloons, kites, models etc: Territorial application of the rules of
the air: Compliance with the rules of the air: Responsibility for compliance
with the rules of the air: Authority of pilot-in-command: Application of the
flight rules: Notification of aircraft accidents and incidents: Use of
intoxicating liquor, narcotics or drugs
General Rules
Protection of persons
and property, Rules for avoiding collisions, Minimum
safe altitude and cruising levels, Right of way, Landing and take-off of
aircraft at places other than aerodromes, Restriction on acrobatic flights:
Rules relating to gliding and aerial towing: Use of Measurements and rules for
accurate time-keeping, Designation of airspace,
restricted, prohibited and dangerous areas: Formation
of the air traffic services organization: Rules
governing the use of controlled airspace for special purposes: Rules
for regulating traffic on uncontrolled aerodromes: Rules
governing lights to be displayed by aircraft.
Visual Flight
Rules
VFR flights in
controlled airspace at or above1000m (3000ft): VFR
flights in uncontrolled airspace at or
below 1000m (3000ft): Altimeter settings, flight
altitude and flight levels on VFR flights: VFR
flights on top of clouds layers: Controlled VFR
flights, special VFR Flights: Aeronautical
Signals and sign
Instrument Flight
Rules
Minimum safe altitude
and minimum flight levels for IFR flights: Altimeter
settings, flight altitude and flight levels on IFR flights, transition altitude,
transition level: Change from IFR to VFR Organisation and procedures
The organisation of
meteorology for aviation: The Meteorological Office, (outline
knowledge): Exchange of information between ATC and Met. Offices, observational
routine, communications facilities, OPMET: AIREP,
TAF and METAR codes, TREND messages:
Services
to aircraft in flight, aircraft met. reports, SIGMETS, VOLMET, ATIS Pressure and Wind
Atmospheric pressure,
relationship between winds and isobars, geostrophic
wind, gradient wind, surface wind: Variation
of wind with height, elementary knowledge
of thermal winds and contour charts, jet
streams: Airflow over mountains, standing waves, katabatic
and anabatic winds: Sea and land breezes, gusts
and squalls: Diurnal variation of wind Temperature and humidity Radiation, conduction and convection: Diurnal variation of temperature near the earth's surface, specific heat: Dry and wet bulb temperature: Dew point. vapour pressure, relative humidity, change of state, latent heat: Lapse rate, adiabatic changes, stability and instability
Types of cloud and their method of formation, dimensions of cloud: Rain, drizzle, snow and hail, cloud types associated with different types of precipitation: Thunderstorms: Dew. Visibility Fog, mist, haze: Formation and dispersal of radiation and advection fog, diurnal and seasonal variation of fog: Vertical and oblique visibility, definition of RVR. Hazards to aviation
Physical principles of
icing related to aircraft: Effects of icing on aircraft performance: Forms
of airframe icing: Airframe icing related to cloud types: Engine icing: Mechanical
turbulence, convective turbulence, CAT: Wind
shear Altimeter Altimeter corrections, determination of corrections due to variations in surface pressure: Simple numerical calculations: QFE, QFF, QNH, regional QNH. Observations Knowledge of standard instruments and methods used for observing and recording pressure (including reduction of pressure to MSL), temperature, humidity, cloud (amount, type and base): Visibility and wind. Air masses and fronts Classification of air masses, properties of air masses at source, modification cause to air masses due to movement over the earth's surface: Frontal depressions, characteristics of warm and cold fronts and occlusions: Non frontal depressions, anticyclones, troughs, ridges, cols and their associated weather. Volcanoes - their occurrence and geography Volcano Surveillance: Volcanic Ash: International Regulatory Aspect: Air Traffic Control Function: Pilot Function: Ground Operation at Airport Tropical Weather Tropical Cyclones: Hurricanes: Trade Wind Belt: Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Elements of
Physics Relating to Radio and Electronic Aids Electromagnetic waves, terminology, cycle, frequency, amplitude, wave length Frequency spectrum: Polarization of waves, ionosphere and absorption of waves, sky waves, skip distance: Amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, interrupted carrier wave, pulse transmission: Attenuation of waves over various surfaces, effect of frequency on reception distance, reflection and interruption of waves of various frequencies
Frequencies used
in Aviation ITU Bank designations: Propagation characteristics of frequencies used for navigation: Range of ground wave: Refraction: Static: Skywaves, reliability, range, diurnal variation
Radio Aids to
Navigation Automatic radio compass: Principle, use of RMI, compass: Manual loop: Range, accuracy, calibration: Advantages as an aid for homing, orientation
VHF
Omni-directional radio ranger Principles, components: Range and accuracy: Advantages as an aid for homing, orientation
VHF Marker System Principles, components: Limitations: Range and Accuracy
Instrument Landing
System (ILS) Principles, components: Limitations: Range and occurrence, categories
Radio altimeters Frequency modulation and its application to height measurement: Principles, components: Application: Limitations
Radar Aids
Principles of radar
detection: Range and bearing measurement: Terms
used in radar: e.g. pulse, pulse width, pulse recurrence frequency: Element of
radar aids to navigation: Primary radar, principles and
equipment: Secondary radar, principles and
equipment: Use and limitation of primary radar:
Application
and potentialities of secondary radar
Distance Measuring
equipment (DME): Components, equipment operations:
Range,
accuracy, limitation
Transponder
Systems
Use, range and accuracy
of the systems: ACAS (TCAS): Principles
and Components: Function and Operation: Capabilities
and Limitations: Responsibility and Actions:
Inertial Navigation
System (INS): Principle of Operation: Accuracy
and limitation: Use of associated computers
Global Position
System
Definition
of
GNSS, GPS, WAAS,
Differential System
GPS
Principles, Components:
What is GPS? Principle of Operation:
Accuracy: How does this give a useable position? Errors
in the System: Availability: Integrity: RAIM: Differential
GPS: New Standards: Phases,
Controller use of GPS: Lateral Separation. Physical Characteristics of Aerodromes Runways: number and orientation, selected basic length of runways, actual length of runways, width of runways, slopes on runways, strength of runways, surface of runways Strips: general, length of strips, width of strips, clearing and grading of strips, strength of strips: Clearways: location, width ;of clearways, slopes on clearways: Stopways: width of stopways, slopes on stopways, strength of stopways, surface of stopways, surface of stopways: Taxiways: general, width of taxiways, junctions and intersections, taxiway minimum clearances, slopes on taxiways, strength of taxiways, surface of taxiways, taxiways strips: Holding bays, location: Aprons, general, size of aprons, strength of aprons, slopes on aprons, clearances distances on aprons.
Obstructions Obstruction restrictions, removal and marking Surfaces and areas: take-off climb area, take-off climb surface, approach area, instrument approach area, approach surface, inner horizontal surface, conical surface, transitional surface, outer horizontal surface: Removal and restriction of obstructions: obstruction removal, restriction of new construction: Obstruction marking: Day marking, lighting obstructions: Obstructions outside the immediate environs of aerodromes: Markings of Unusable or Unserviceable Portions of the Movement Area: Closed runways and taxiways: Non load bearing surfaces: Undershoot and overrun areas: Unserviceable Areas
Visual Ground Aids Wind direction indicators: Landing direction indicators: Signaling Lamp: Ground signal panels and signal area
Emergency Lighting Aerodrome Location
Aerodrome Identification
signs: Aerodrome beacons: Identification
beacons
Markers and
Marking Aids Paved runway markings: Unpaved runway markings: Stopway day markers: Paved taxiway markings: Unpaved taxiway markings: VOR aerodrome checkpoint markings
Approach Lighting Simple Approach light system: Precision approach Category I lighting system: Precision approach Category II lighting system. PAPI/VASIS Circling guidance lights: Approach light beacons: Runway alignment indicator: Runway threshold identification lights: Dangerous and confusing lights: Sequence flashing lights
Runway Lighting Runway edge lights: Runway threshold lights: Runway end lights: Runway centre line lights: Runway touchdown zone lights: Fixed distance lights: Stopway lighting: Intensity control of runway and approach lighting system
Taxiway Lighting Stop bars: Clearance bars: Apron Lighting
Aerodrome
Equipment
Secondary power supply: Condition
of visual aids: Circuit design:
Monitoring: Fencing: Security
Lights
Aerodrome Data Elements, aerodrome conditions, status of aerodrome lighting system, power supply, reference point, elevation, aerodrome dimensions, declared distance, strength of pavements, reference data for pre flight altimeter check, determination of braking action. Procedures for obtaining aerodrome data
Reference code for
aerodrome characteristics
Definitions: Area Navigation (RNAV), Arrival routes, Aerodrome elevation,
Altitude, Base turn, Circling, Approach, Decision Altitude (DA) or decision
height (DH), Elevation, Final Approach Segment, Holding, Initial Approach
Segment, Instrument Approach Procedure, Intermediate Approach Segment, Minimum
Descent Altitude (MDA) or Minimum Decent Height (MDH), Minimum Sector Altitude,
Missed Approach Point, Obstacle Clearance Altitude (OCA) or Obstacle Clearance
Height (OCH), Precision Approach Procedure, Procedure Turn, Race Track
Procedure, Reversal Procedure, Visual Manoeuvring (circling) area, Way Point
Departure
Procedures
The Instrument Departure
Procedure, Establishment of a departure Procedure,
Obstacle Clearance, Straight Departures, Turning Procedures, Published
Information
Approach
Procedures The Instrument Approach Procedure, Categories of Aircraft, Obstacle Clearance (OCA/H), Factors affecting Operational Minima, Approach Procedures Design, Instrument Approach Areas, Fixes formed by intersection, Intersection fix tolerance factors - VOR/ILS/NDB, Other fix tolerance factors DME/GPS*/75 MHz Marker Beacon, Fix tolerance overhead a station, Descent Gradient, Approach Segments, Arrival Segment, Initial Approach Segment General Types of manoeuvres Procedures turn, Race track Procedure, Flight Procedures for race track and reversal procedure, Intermediate Approach Segment, Final Approach Segment, Final approach: non precision approach with final approach fix, Non precision approach with no final approach fix, Final Approach Segment - precision approach - ILS, Determination of decision altitude (DA) or decision height (DH) - ILS, Missed Approach General Initial phase, Intermediate phase, Final phase
Visual Manoeuvring
(circling) General
Visual Manoeuvring
(Circling) Area, Obstacle Clearance, Minimum Decent Altitude/Height (MDA/H),
Visual Flight Manoeuvre, Missed Approach Procedure while Circling, Area
Navigation (RNAV) Approach
Holding procedures Inflight Procedures: Shape and terminology associated with holding pattern: Speeds, rate of turn, timing, distance and limiting radial: Entry: Holding
Obstacle Clearance Holding Area: Buffer Area: Minimum Holding level
Phase Way Points (RNAV): Fly By Way Points: Fly Over Way Points
Transition Level, Transition altitude Separation minima, arriving aircraft, departing aircraft, arriving and departing aircraft, approach sequence, Visual Approaches: Meteorological Information: Information to arriving aircraft: Approach under visual meteorological condition (VMC): Visual flight rules approach (VFR): Approaches involving crossing of a cloud layer: Instrument approaches: approach sequences, priority of aircraft, altitude assignment, holding, expected approach time: Instrument approach procedures: Diversions: Procedures, Controller action,: Information to arriving aircraft: Transmission of meteorological information: Diversions: Procedures, Controller action Radio Failure Procedures: Pilot-Procedures: RLCE Clearance Procedure: Temporary restriction to climb procedure: ATC standard Procedure: ATC resumption of normal operation Responsibility of aerodrome control towers: Alerting Service: Responsibility with regard to weather conditions: Suspension of VFR operations: Separation of arriving and departing aircraft under IMC: Compliance by pilot with aerodrome control service advice: Critical positions of aircraft in the traffic and taxi circuits: Selection of runway-in-use: Clearance: Basis of ATC clearance, Changes in ATC clearance, clearance limit specified, clearance for entire route, amendment to clearances, clearance priorities, withholding clearances Separation minima Traffic/Work on Manoeuvring area: Traffic in traffic circuit: Departing aircraft:Arriving and Departing aircraft: Aerodrome lighting and identification beacon: Alerting Service and Aircraft emergencies - general principles Aircraft Emergencies: Recognition of and emergency situation: Classes of emergency situation: Contents of distress and urgency messages: Fuel jettisoning: Intercepted messages: Non radio aircraft: Radio equipped aircraft: Phases of emergency - uncertainty, alert and distress; Removal of crashed aircraft; Bomb warning - action at aerodrome; Aircraft accident, incident and airmiss reports; Withdrawal of Approach Aids; Aerodrome Inspection PAPI: Serviceability Check, Brilliancy check, Post accident checks; Standing Water on Runway: Measurement, Reporting, Breaking action; Ground Proximity Warning System: ATC action; Vortex Wake Separation: Arriving flight, Aerodrome operations, departing flights; Wind Shear: Condition, effects, ATC action, ATS broadcast. Objectives of the Air Traffic Services, history, development, basic aspects; Designation of the portions of the airspace and controlled aerodromes where air traffic services will be provided; Establishment and designation of the units providing air traffic services; Specifications for flight information regions, control areas and control zones; Identification of ATS routes, principles, composition of designator, assignment of basic designators, application of designators and use of designators in communication; Establishment and identification of reporting points or reporting lines; Minimum flight altitude, minimum flight level, minimum sector altitude, transition level, transition altitude; Priority in the event of an aircraft emergency; Co-ordination between the operator and ATS
Air Traffic
Control Service Application, provision and operation; Separation minima; Responsibility for control; Transfer of responsibility for control; Air Traffic Control Clearance; Control of movement on operational area of aerodromes Flight Information Service Application and scope Alerting Service Application and Scope; Notification of rescue co-ordination centres; Use of communication facilities; Position plotting of aircraft in a state of emergency; Information to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aircraft in a state of emergency; Information to the operator; Air Traffic Services Requirement for Communications Aeronautical mobile service (air-ground communication) Ground mobile service Aeronautical fixed service Air Traffic Service Requirement for Information Meteorological Information; Information on aerodrome condition; Information on the operational status of aerodrome facilities; Information on the operational status of navigational aids; Air Traffic Services, Practices and Procedures Division of responsibility among air traffic services units: Area control services, approach control service and aerodrome control service; Control of State aircraft; Airspace designations and specifications, flight information region, control area, control zone
Route structures; Existing
Separation minima
Communication
capacity DCPC (VHF, HF); Controller/controller voice
Surveillance
capacity Procedural surveillance; Independent surveillance
Aircraft
Navigation Performance Required Navigation Performance (RNP); Time keeping accuracy
Flow Management
capability Recognition of the need to adjust the flow of traffic; Ad hoc ATC "in trail" restriction. Objective of Control Service; Provision of Standard Separation; Increased Separation; Vertical Separation; Horizontal Separation; Lateral Separation; Track/Omni Separation/VOR/DME; Geographical Separation; Aircraft Holding; Vortex Wake Separations; RNAV Separation; Initial Separation; Reasons for Holding Aircrafts; Control Problems
Coordination in respect of the provision of flight information service and alerting service.; Coordination in respect of the provision of Air Traffic Control Service; Coordination between units providing Air Traffic Control Service within continuous control areas; Coordination between a unit providing area control service and a unit providing approach control service; Division of Control; Exchange of movement and control data; Letters of Agreements Shape of the earth; Position and direction on the earth; Units of measurement; Rhumb line; Great Circle; Introduction to maps and charts (Mercator and Lambert Conformal) - features, construction, measurement of tracks, bearings and distances, scale presentation; Aeronautical charts - scale, symbols, projections; Graticule and grid reference systems - outline and use; Introduction to plotting - use of associated instruments; Determination of position on Mercator and Lambert Conformal charts; Effects of wind on aircraft - vectors, triangle and parallelogram of velocities, associated terms - plotting of triangle and solution of problems using plotting; Basic information derived from instruments - the magnetic compass - true and magnetic headings, variation, deviation and their application in flight, dip. True altitude, true airspeed, mach number, drift and how derived - use of the manual computer, wind finding by manual computer and by plotting; Interpreting chart symbol, DR position; position lines, fixing position with two or more simultaneous position lines, cocked hat; plotting triangle of velocities; basic problems - determination of position, heading required and ETA; Time - local mean time, zone time, coordinated universal time (U.T.C.), time conversion - relation between longitude and time Flight plan - a general prerequisite for flight;; General rules to be applied in the completion of a flight plan form; Types of flight plans and brief description of each and their uses; Description and use of the various sections of a flight plan; Contents of flight plans; Preparation and completion of a flight plan form using known information; Interpretation of a completed flight plan form. Introduction; Definitions, abbreviation; Types of Strips - colour, pattern, legibility, neatness; Insertion of strips on the display board; Special purpose strips; Board Management; Approach Arrival, Departure and VFR Strips; Aerodrome - Local operations - SVFR; Contents - completion of strip samples; Practical Stripwriting Responsibility of ATC personnel for the provision of Air Service relevant to Search and Rescue; General organisation; Specific organisation within Piarco's FIR for Search and Rescue Services; Regional Air Navigation Agreements; Establishment and designation of Search and Rescue Services units; Rescue Coordination Centre; Rescue Sub centre; SAR Coordinator; World wide Network Services available for SAR; ELT's - COSPAT-SARSAT; SPOC's (Search and Rescue Points of Contact); Cooperation between states and with other service organisation
Review of airspace types CTA, FIR, CTR, CTZ; Brief introduction of Piarco CTA/FIR detailing TMAS and CTR's and classification of each; Overview of the Piarco CTR; Familiarization with the map of Trinidad and Tobago; VFR information; Geography; Air Traffic characteristics; Services provided within Piarco CTR; Responsibilities, authority; Location indicators; Route Structure; Approaches; Procedures; Restricted, Prohibited and Danger Areas; Transition altitudes; Coordination procedures; Navigational facilities available; Introduction to RNP
Composition of the Atmosphere; Structure of an aircraft; Airfoils; Theory of flight; Relative Motion; Relative Wind; Angle of attack; Forces acting on aircraft in flight; Factors connected; Aircraft Control Surfaces and their functions; Aircraft Performance; Aircraft Recognition
The meaning of telecommunications; Introduction to ICAO Annex 10; Means of communication; Description of Communication Services; AFS - Aeronautical messages; Type and priority indicators; Location indicators; Message formatting and composition; Aeronautical Mobile service; Speech technique; Phonetic alphabet; Aircraft callsigns and standard abbreviations; Radio telephony procedures; Readability scale - Exchange of Communications; Corr5ections and repetitions; Establishment and assurances of communication; Communications failure; Distress and urgency communications Procedures; Standard phraseology; Use of coded signals
Definition of AIS; Mandate for Aeronautical Information; The demand, provision and nature of the service; Functions; Publications of Aeronautical Information; Definition of three (3) main publications; AIP and its various sections; NOTAM - classes of NOTAM and conditions which require NOTAM action; AIRAC System; The origination, issue and dissemination of NOTAM; Guidelines for the distribution of NOTAMS; AICs; Formatting; Checklists; The nature of Aeronautical Information available for preflight activity; States responsibility for handling post-flight information; Decode/Encode NOTAMS; Practical application END
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